Antisemitismo, (anti)sionismo e islamofobia: precisiones conceptuales, evidencias empíricas y marcos operativos en X, Facebook, Instagram y TikTok (2024)
Contenido principal del artículo
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2256-5681
Resumen
En este artículo desarrollamos un marco teórico y conceptual que distingue la judeofobia religiosa del antisemitismo moderno y permite separar el odio antijudío de la crítica política legítima a Israel. Para ello, articulamos tres definiciones operativas a partir de la Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), la Nexus Task Force (Nexus) y la Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism (JDA), con las que operacionalizamos el antisemitismo (conspiraciones sobre “poder judío”, culpabilización colectiva, doble lealtad, negación o banalización de la Shoá, negación del derecho a existir y dobles raseros extremos) y delimitamos aquello que no lo es per se (crítica basada en hechos a las políticas de Israel, apoyo a derechos palestinos o BDS no violento sin estereotipos). Sobre esta base analizamos el antisemitismo digital y su entrelazamiento con el (anti)sionismo y la islamofobia en X, Facebook, Instagram y TikTok. Partimos de un corpus de 798.475 mensajes en español geolocalizados en España (abril–agosto de 2024). En nuestro método, combinamos la detección automatizada de toxicidad (API Perspective) con modelos de categorización temática de odio dirigido a cinco grupos vulnerables: antisemitismo, antigitanismo, islamofobia/racismo antiárabe, xenofobia y LGBTIQfobia. Los resultados muestran (i) picos de “neoantisemitismo” ligados a coyunturas relacionadas con la escalada bélica en Israel–Gaza, donde el antisionismo funciona como vehículo de tropos clásicos; (ii) transferencia cruzada de hostilidad entre comunidades judías y musulmanas y solapamientos con otras formas de racismo; (iii) así como diferencias significativas entre plataformas en conspiracionismo y negacionismo, siendo las analogías nazismo–Israel y los dobles raseros extremos marcadores de alto riesgo. Finalmente, mostramos cómo las lógicas algorítmicas de “enragement” y la difusión de contenidos tóxicos convierten estas redes (en especial X) en entornos proclives a la intensificación del (discurso de) odio, más que a su mitigación. Como posibles contraposiciones a esta violencia, proponemos trabajar en la alfabetización conceptual, los protocolos de moderación basados en IHRA–Nexus–JDA, la monitorización de crisis y las medidas de protección para comunidades judías y musulmanas, alineadas con los marcos de la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU), la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa (OSCE) y la Unión Europea (UE), a fin de mitigar el odio (online) sin restringir el disenso y la crítica legítima.
Detalles del artículo
Datos de los fondos
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Horizon 2020
Números de la subvención 101034371
Referencias
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