Bullshit (charlatanería), engaño y sinceridad
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
Hace cuarenta años, Harry Frankfurt publicó por primera vez un estudio sistemático del fenómeno del bullshit (traducido como “charlatanería”). El propósito de este artículo es recoger mucho de lo que se ha dicho en la discusión que siguió a esta publicación, con varios propósitos: (i) aclarar cómo se debería entender que el bullshitter o charlatán no tiene un compromiso o interés por la verdad; (ii) defender que una condición necesaria para que exista bullshit es que se dé una intención de engañar a la audiencia; y (iii) proponer una nueva caracterización del bullshit que incluya una cláusula acerca del contexto de su emisión, llenando así un vacío que ha propiciado muchos de los debates de los últimos años acerca de este fenómeno.
Detalhes do artigo
Referências
Black, Max. 1985. The Prevalence of Humbug and Other Essays. Cornell University Press.
Bok, Sissela. 2023. Mentir: La elección moral en la vida pública y privada. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Carson, Thomas. 2010. Lying and Deception: Theory and Practice. OUP Oxford.
______. 2016. “Frankfurt and Cohen on bullshit, bullshiting, deception, lying, and concern with the truth of what one says”. Pragmatics Cognition 23 (1): 53–67.
Cassam, Quassim. 2021. “Bullshit, Post-truth, and Propaganda.” In Political Epistemology, edited by Elizabeth Edenberg and Michael Hannon, 49–63. Oxford University Press.
CNN. 2017. “Trump’s latest conspiracy? The ‘Access Hollywood’ tape was a fake!”. Último acceso, noviembre 20 de 2025. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/27/politics/donald-trump-access-hollywood-conspiracy
Cohen, Gerald Allan. 2002. “Deeper into Bullshit.” In The Contours of Agency: Essays on Themes from Harry Frankfurt, edited by Sarah Buss and Lee Overton, 0. The MIT Press.
DÁgostini, Franca. 2014. Mentira. Buenos Aires: Adriana Hidalgo Editora.
De Hipona, San Agustín. 2016. Tratados Sobre la Mentira. Independently Published.
de Wall, Cornelis. 2006. “The importance of being earnest: A pragmatic approach to bullshitting.” In Bullshit and Philosophy, edited by Hardcastle Reisch. Open Court.
Easwaran, Kenny. 2025. “Bullshit activities”. Analytic Philosophy 66 (3): 306–328.
Fair, Vanuty. 2017. “Trump Now Says the Access Hollywood Tape May Be Fake”. Último acceso, noviembre 20 de 2025. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/11/trump-access-hollywood-tape-fake?srsltid=AfmBOopn8LzWkfB5V2xmmdd9k3t7cM1LIPAY_JoveHm8NGoKVF_N6Owp
Fermandois, Eduardo. 2024. Si bien es cierto: Sobre verdad, mentira y otros asuntos. Ediciones UC.
Frankfurt, Harry. 1986a. “On Bullshit.” Philosophical Quarterly 56 (223): 300–301.
______. 1986b. On Bullshit. Princeton University Press.
______. 1988. The Importance of What We Care About: Philosophical Essays. Cambridge University Press.
______. 2002. “Reply to G. A. Cohen.” In The Contours of Agency: Essays on Themes from Harry Frankfurt, edited by Sarah Buss and Lee Overton, 0. The MIT Press.
______. 2025a. On Bullshit – Anniversary Edition. Princeton University Press.
______. 2025b. “POSTSCRIPT.” In On Bullshit Anniversary Edition, 69–84. Princeton University Press.
Gascón, José Ángel. 2021. “Argumentative Bullshit.” Informal Logic 43 (1): 289–308.
Gligorić, Vukašin.; Feddes, Allard., and Doosje, Bertjan. 2022. “Political Bullshit Receptivity and its Correlates: A Cross-Country Validation of the Concept”. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 10 (2): 411-429
Grice, Paul. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press.
Grimaltos, Tobies, and Rosell, Sergi. 2021. Mentiras y engaños. Ediciones Cátedra.
Hardcastle, Gary, and Reisch, George. 2011. Bullshit and Philosophy: Guaranteed to Get Perfect Results Every Time. Open Court.
Hurtado, Guillermo. 2024. Biografía de la verdad: ¿Cuándo dejó de importarnos la verdad y por qué deberíamos recuperarla?: Siglo XXI Editores México.
Maddalena, Giovanni, and Gili, Guido. 2020. The History and Theory of Post-Truth Communication. Marietti SpA di Genova.
Matthews, Garet. 2008. Augustine. Wiley.
Meibauer, Jörg. 2022. The Oxford Handbook of Lying. Oxford University Press.
______. 2016. “Aspects of a theory of bullshit.” Pragmatics Cognition 23 (1): 68–91.
Pascal, Fania. 1984. “Wittgenstein: A Personal Memoir.” In Recollections of Wittgenstein, edited by Rush Rhees, 23–39. New York: Oxford University Press.
Phillips, Tom. 2020. Truth: A Brief History of Total Bullsh*t. Hanover Square Press.
Post, The Washinghton. 2017. “Trump is reportedly saying the access hollywood tape was fake news: He should talk to 2016 Trump.” Último acceso, noviembre 20 de 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/11/27/trump-is-reportedly-saying-the-access-hollywood-tape-was-fake-news-he-should-talk-to-2016-trump/
Ryle, Gilbert. 2009. The Concept of Mind: 60th Anniversary Edition. Taylor & Francis.
Saul, Jennifer Mather. 2012. Lying, Misleading, and What is Said: An Exploration in Philosophy of Language and in Ethics. OUP Oxford.
Stokke, Andreas. 2018. Lying and Insincerity. OUP Oxford.
Times, The New York. 2017. “Trump Once Said the ‘Access Hollywood’ Tape Was Real. Now He’s Not Sure.”. Último acceso, noviembre 20 de 2025. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/us/politics/trump-access-hollywood-tape.html
Vox. 2017. “Trump has started suggesting the Access Hollywood tape is fake. It’s not”. Fecha de acceso, noviembre 22 de 2025. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/11/28/16710130/trump-says-access-hollywood-tape-fake
Wakeham, Joshua. 2017. “Bullshit as a Problem of Social Epistemology.” Sociological Theory 35 (1): 15–38.
Williams, Bernard. 2002. Truth & Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy. Princeton University Press.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2171-0282