Combatiendo la desinformación: una revisión crítica de la literatura
Conteúdo do artigo principal
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0092-2086
Resumo
La proliferación de desinformación se presenta como una amenaza para los procesos democráticos, la salud pública, la estabilidad de las instituciones de la sociedad civil, y la seguridad de la población. La percepción de que esta amenaza es cada vez mayor ha hecho que una multitud de organizaciones de la sociedad civil, gobiernos, redes sociales e investigadores de las más diversas áreas hayan puesto su atención en el diseño e implementación de estrategias que permitan limitar los efectos nocivos de la desinformación. A partir de un análisis crítico de la literatura científica existente, este artículo identifica las estrategias propuestas para hacer frente a lo que algunos han llamado como el fenómeno del desorden informativo, y hace una evaluación de los obstáculos más importantes que ellas enfrentan.
Detalhes do artigo
Referências
Ahmed, Mohiuddin, Sascha-Dominik Bachmann, Chris Martin, Tristram Walker, James Rooyen, y Abu Barkat. 2022. “False Information as a Threat to Modern Society: A Systematic Review of False Information, Its Impact on Society, and Current Remedies”. Journal of Information Warfare 21 (2): 105–20. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27199973
Aïmeur, Esma, Sabrine Amri, y Gilles Brassard. 2023. “Fake News, Disinformation and Misinformation in Social Media: A Review”. Social Network Analysis and Mining 13 (1): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-023-01028-5
Atlas.ti. 2025. “What is a Critical Literature Review?” Atlas.ti, 2025. https://atlasti.com/guides/literature-review/critical-literature-review#:~:text=A%20critical%20literature%20review%20is,implicit%20assumptions%20in%20current%20research.
Bondielli, Alessandro, y Francesco Marcelloni. 2019. “A Survey on Fake News and Rumour Detection Techniques”. Information Sciences 497: 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2019.05.035
Cantón-Correa, Javier, Andrés Montoro-Montarroso, Juan Gómez-Romero, y Miguel Molina-Solana. 2025. “Perfiles y necesidades formativas de los fact-checkers de la Península Ibérica: impacto de la IA.” Doxa Comunicación. Revista Interdisciplinar De Estudios De Comunicación Y Ciencias Sociales 40: 465–91. https://doi.org/10.31921/doxacom.n40a2725
Carrillo, Nereida, y Marta Montagut. 2021. “Tackling online disinformation through media literacy in Spain: The project ‘Que no te la cuelen’”. En Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies, 13: 149–57. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00044_7
Chan, Michael. 2024. “News literacy, fake news recognition, and authentication behaviors after exposure to fake news on social media”. New Media & Society 26 (8): 4669–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221127675
Chung, Myojung. 2024. “Share to Stop the Harm: How Social Media Metrics Drive Sharing of Fact-Checking Messages via First-Person Perception”. Mass Communication and Society 27 (5): 925–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2023.2240302
Clayton, Katherine, Spencer Blair, Jonathan A. Busam, Samuel Forstner, John Glance, Guy Green, Anna Kawata, et al. 2020. “Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media”. Political Behavior 42 (4): 1073–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
Conroy, Niall J., Victoria L. Rubin, y Yimin Chen. 2015. “Automatic deception detection: Methods for finding fake news”. Proceedings of the ASIST Annual Meeting 52 (1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2015.145052010082
Ferreras Rodríguez, Eva M., y Celia Sancho Belinchón. 2025. “Propuestas de alfabetización mediática desde el fact checking profesional en Latinoamérica”. Revista de Comunicación 24 (1): 205–28. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC24.1-2025-3777
Grant, Maria J., y Andrew Booth. 2009. “A Typology of Reviews: An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies.” Health Information and Libraries Journal 26 (2): 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Hakak, Saqib, Mamoun Alazab, Suleman Khan, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta, y Wazir Zada Khan. 2021. “An ensemble machine learning approach through effective feature extraction to classify fake news”. Future Generation Computer Systems 117 (2021): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.11.022
Herrero, Esperanza, y Susana Herrera Damas. 2021. “El fact-checker en español alrededor del mundo: Perfil, similitudes y diferencias entre verificadores hispanohablantes”. Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI 54: 49–77. https://doi.org/10.15198/seeci.2021.54.e725
Irwanto, Irwanto, Tuti Bahfiarti, Andi Alimuddin Unde, y Alem Febri Sonni. 2025. “Information disorder’s impact on adolescents: publication trends and recommendations”. Frontiers in Communication 10: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1495536
Jalbert, Madeline, Morgan Wack, Pragya Arya, y Luke Williams. 2025. “Social truth queries: Development of a new user-driven intervention for countering online misinformation”. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 14 (2): 205–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/mac0000142
Jones-Jang, S M, T Mortensen, y J Liu. 2019. “Does Media Literacy Help Identification of Fake News? Information Literacy Helps, but Other Literacies Don’t”. American Behavioral Scientist 65 (2): 371–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219869406
Jones-Jang, S. Mo, y Joon K. Kim. 2018. “Third Person Effects of Fake News: Fake News Regulation and Media Literacy Interventions”. Computers in Human Behavior 80 (2018): 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.034
Kaliyar, Rohit Kumar, Anurag Goswami, y Pratik Narang. 2021. “FakeBERT: Fake News Detection in Social Media with a BERT-Based Deep Learning Approach”. Multimedia Tools and Applications 80 (8): 11765–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-10183-2
Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, y John Cook. 2017. “Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the ‘Post- Truth’ Era”. Journal of applied research in memory and cognition 6 (4): 353–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008
Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, Colleen M. Seifert, Norbert Schwarz, y John Cook. 2012. “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing”. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3): 106–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018
Lewandowsky, Stephan, y Sander van der Linden. 2021. “Countering Misinformation and Fake News Through Inoculation and Prebunking”. European Review of Social Psychology 32 (2): 348–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983
Li, Gaofei, Mengyu Li, y Sijia Yang. 2025. “The ‘Whole-Of-Society’ Approach for Misinformation Correction: How Expert Didactic TikTok Videos Motivate Citizen Fact-Checking and Vaccine Promotion”. Journal of Health Communication 30 (10–12): 356–68. https://doi.org/10.1 080/10810730.2025.2503179
Magallón-Rosa, Raúl, y Mabel Sánchez-Torres. 2024. “Disinformation and climate crisis: Challenges and proposals for the future”. Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies 16 (2): 167–76. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00107_7
McGowan-Kirsch, Angela M., y Grace V. Quinlivan. 2024. “Educating emerging citizens: Media literacy as a tool for combating the spread of image-based misinformation”. Communication Teacher 38 (1): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17404622.2023.2271548
McIntyre, Lee. 2023. On Disinformation: How to Fight for Truth and Protect Democracy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14889.001.0001
Moreno-Gil, Victoria, María-Ángeles Chaparro-Domínguez, y Marta Pérez-Pereiro. 2023. “Future journalists’ fight against disinformation: analysis of university training offers and challenges in the Spanish context”. Communication & Society 36 (2): 171–85. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.36.2.171-185
Moreno-Gil, Victoria, Xavier Ramon, y Ruth Rodríguez-Martínez. 2021. “Fact-Checking Interventions as Counteroffensives to Disinformation Growth: Standards, Values, and Practices in Latin America and Spain”. Media and Communication 9 (1): 251–63. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3443
Nasir, Jamal Abdul, Osama Subhani Khan, y Iraklis Varlamis. 2021. “Fake news detection: A hybrid CNN-RNN based deep learning approach”. International journal of information management data insights 1 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2020.100007
Navarro-Sierra, Nuria, Silvia Magro-Vela, y Raquel Vinader-Segura. 2024. “Research on Disinformation in Academic Studies: Perspectives through a Bibliometric Analysis”. Publications 12 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/publications12020014
Newman, Nic, Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, y Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2020. Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://doi.org/10.60625/RISJ-048N-AP07
Orth, Taylor, y Carl Bialik. 2025. Trust in Media 2025: Which news sources Americans use and trust. YouGov. https://today.yougov.com/politics/articles/52272-trust-in-media-2025-which-news-sources-americans-use-and-trust
Parviainen, Jaana, y Lauri Lahikainen. 2019. “Negative expertise in conditions of manufactured ignorance: epistemic strategies, virtues and skills”. Synthese 198 (4): 3873–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02315-5
Pennycook, Gordon, Jonathon McPhetres, Yunhao Zhang, Jackson G. Lu, y David G. Rand. 2020. “Fighting COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media: Experimental Evidence for a Scalable Accuracy-Nudge Intervention.” Psychological Science 31 (7): 770–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620939054
Reuter, Christian, Amanda Lee Hughes, y Cody Buntain. 2025. “Combating information warfare: state and trends in user-centred countermeasures against fake news and misinformation”. Behaviour & Information Technology 44 (13): 3348–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2442486
Sádaba, Charo, y Ramón Salaverría. 2023. “Combatir la desinformación con alfabetización mediática: análisis de las tendencias en la Unión Europea”. Revista latina de comunicación social 81: 17–33. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2023-1552
Sánchez Gonzales, Hada M, María Sánchez González, y Marián Alonso-González. 2024. “Artificial intelligence and disinformation literacy programmes used by European fact-checkers”. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies 16 (2): 237–55. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00111_1
Schissler, Matt. 2025. “Beyond Hate Speech and Misinformation: Facebook and the Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar”. Journal of Genocide Research 27 (3): 445–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2375122
Sehl, Annika. 2024. “Public service media as pivotal in combating misinformation and disinformation: prerequisites and approaches”. European journal of communication 39 (6): 582–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231241294185
Tenove, Chris. 2020. “Protecting Democracy from Disinformation: Normative Threats and Policy Responses”. The International Journal of Press/Politics 25 (3): 517–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220918740
Tu, Fangjing. 2024. “Empowering social media users: nudge toward self-engaged verification for improved truth and sharing discernment”. Journal of Communication 74 (3): 225–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqae007
Ufarte Ruiz, María José. 2024. “The consolidation of disinformation as a discipline: Reflections, challenges and perspectives for future action”. Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies 16 (2): 159–66. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00106_7
van der Linden, Sander, Jon Roozenbeek, y Josh Compton. 2020. “Inoculating Against Fake News About COVID-19”. Frontiers in Psychology 11 (2020): 1–7.
Vraga, Emily K., y Leticia Bode. 2017. “Using Expert Sources to Correct Health Misinformation in Social Media”. Science Communication 39 (5): 621–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547017731776
Walter, Nathan, Jonathan Cohen, R. Lance Holbert, y Yasmin Morag. 2020. “Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom”. Political Communication 37 (3): 350–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894
Walter, Nathan, y Riva Tukachinsky. 2020. “A Meta-Analytic Examination of the Continued Influence of Misinformation in the Face of Correction: How Powerful Is It, Why Does It Happen, and How to Stop It?” Communication Research 47 (2): 155–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219854600
Wardle, Claire, y Hossein Derakhshan. septiembre de 2017. Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe report DGI. https://rm.coe.int/information-disorderreportnovember-2017/1680764666
World Health Organization. 2020. “Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation. Joint statement by WHO, UN, UNICEF, UNDP, UNESCO, UNAIDS, ITU, UN Global Pulse, and IFRC”. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation
Zhang, Bingbing. 2024. “Examining the effectiveness of social media warning labels: The role of worldview inconsistency and psychological reactanc”. The Journal of Social Media in Society 13 (2): 131–50.
Zhang, Xichen, y Ali A. Ghorbani. 2020. “An overview of online fake news: Characterization, detection, and discussion”. Information Processing & Management 57 (2): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.03.004
Zhou, Xinyi, y Reza Zafarani. 2019. “A Survey of Fake News: Fundamental Theories, Detection Methods, and Opportunities”. ACM Comput. Surv. (New York, NY, USA) 53 (5). https://doi.org/10.1145/3395046