Making connections: From Collaborative Improvement to a Networked Learning System?
Main Article Content
Abstract
Historically change efforts emerging from the school effectiveness and improvement movements have largely focused on within-school structures and processes placing the school as the key unit of analysis. More recently efforts have moved towards systematic attempts to move knowledge and expertise around education systems through networks and school-to-school collaboration focused on promoting educational equity. These within- school and between-school efforts often operate in isolation from each other.
Beyond-school approaches to improvement have also increasingly become recognised as key to educational and social change. This has involved partnership working and place-based initiatives with a focus on multi agency, community and economic development perspectives particularly in communities facing significant challenges. However, at best these efforts have only been weakly connected to school improvement endeavours. This paper argues that the disconnection and a lack of synergy between these within, between and beyond perspectives has limited the potential for improvements and that conceptualising the challenge through the prism of Networked Learning Systems focusing on working across diverse boundaries, using evidence and inquiry to inform developments would unlock the latent potential so that all children could achieve their full potential.
Article Details
References
Ainscow, M. (2015). Towards self-improving school systems: Lessons from a city challenge. London: Routledge.
Ainscow, M. and West, M. (Eds.) (2006). Improving Urban Schools: Leadership and Collaboration. Open University Press: Berkshire. ISBN 9780335219117
Ainscow, M., & Chapman, C. (2025). Developing equitable education systems: propositions and barriers. Journal of Educational Change, 26, 373–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-025-09527-2
Ainscow, M., Chapman, C. & Hadfield, M. (2020). Changing Education Systems: A research-based approach. London: Routledge.
Ainscow, M., Dyson, A., Goldrick, S., & West, M. (2012). Developing equitable education systems. London: Routledge.
Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. (2014). Learning frontiers: Professional practices for professional learning. aitsal.edu.au
Azorín, C. (2021). Networking for inclusive education: What does the research say? International Journal of Inclusive Education, 25(10), 1162–1179.
Batty, E., Pearson, S., Wilson, I., Coldwell, M., Steill, B. and Willis, B. (2018). Children’s Community Evaluation Report 2017. Sheffield Hallam University.
Bellei, C. and Munoz, G. (2023). Models of regulation, education policies, and changes in the education system: A long-term analysis of the Chilean case. Journal of Educational Change 24(1), 49-76
Boys, J. (2022). Exploring inequalities in the social, spatial and material practices of teaching and learning in pandemic times. Postdigital Science and Education, 4(1), 13-32.
Brown, C. and Poortman, C. L. (2018). Networks for Learning. Effective Collaboration for Teacher, School and System Improvement. London: Routledge.
Chapman, C. , Ainscow, M., Mongon, D., Muijs, D., West, M., Bragg, J., Gallannaugh, F. and Armstrong, P. (2008). New Models of Leadership. Project Report. National College for School Leadership, Nottingham, UK.
Chapman, C. (2019) From hierarchies to networks: possibilities and pitfalls for educational reform of the middle tier. Journal of Educational Administration, 57(5), 554-570. doi: 10.1108/JEA-12-2018-0222
______. (2016). Networking for educational equity: Rethinking improvement within, between and beyond schools. In A. Harris & M. S. Jones (Eds.), Leading futures: Global perspectives on educational leadership (pp. 148–155). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9789351508076
______. (2008). Towards a framework for school-to-school networking in challenging circumstances. Educational Research, 50(4), 403–420.
Chapman, C., & Pino-Yancovic, M. (2026). Educational networks as catalysts for cultural change: a tale of two systems. Journal of Educational Change, 1-28.
Chapman, C., & Muijs, D. (2014). Does school-to-school collaboration promote school improvement? A study of the impact of school federations on student outcomes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 25(3), 351–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2013.840319
______. (2013). Collaborative School Turnaround: A Study of the Impact of School Federations on Student Outcomes. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 12(3), 200–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2013.831456
Chapman, C., and Hadfield, M. (2010). Supporting the middle tier to engage with school-based networks: change strategies for influencing and cohering. Journal of Educational Change, 11(3). 221-240. ISSN 1389-2843. doi: 10.1007/s10833-009-9125-y
Chapman, C., van Amersfoort, D. and Watson, N. (2017). What works in Public Service Leadership: Exploring the potential, University of Glasgow: What Works Scotland. http://whatworksscotland.ac.uk/publications/what-works-in-public-service-leadership-exploring-the-potential/
Chapman, C., Drever, A., McBride, M., Orr, C. and Weakley, S. (2019). Leading place-based interventions to improve outcomes in low socio-economic settings. In: Townsend, T. (ed.) Instructional Leadership and Leadership for Learning in Schools: Understanding Theories of Leading. Series: Palgrave studies on leadership and learning in teacher education. Palgrave
Macmillan: Cham, pp. 379-400. ISBN 9783030237356. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-23736-3_15
Chapman, C., Chestnutt, H., Friel, N., Hall, S. and Lowden, K. (2016). Professional capital and collaborative inquiry networks for educational equity and improvement? Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 1(3), 178-197. doi: 10.1108/JPCC-03-2016-0007
Chestnutt, H. R. (2019). Exodus of the reticulists: Network instability in school partnerships in disadvantaged areas. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada. https://www.aera.net/repository
Children’s Neighbourhoods Scotland (2018) unpublished working paper. Glasgow: University of Glasgow.
Connell, J. and Kubisch, A. (1998). Applying a Theory of Change Approach to the Evaluation of Comprehensive Community Initiatives: Progress, Prospects, and Problems. In Fulbright-Anderson, K., Kubisch, A. and Connell, J. (Eds.), New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives, Volume 2: Theory, Measurement and Analysis. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.
Datnow, A. (2011). Collaboration and contrived collegiality: Revisiting Hargreaves in the age of accountability. Journal of Educational Change, 12(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-011-9154-1
Dobbie, W. and Fryer, R. (2015). ‘The Medium-Term Impacts of High-Achieving Charter Schools’. Journal of Political Economy, 123(5), 985–1037.
______. (2011). Are High Quality Schools Enough to Increase Achievement Among the Poor? Evidence from the Harlem Children’s Zone. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(3), 158–187.
Drever, A., McLean, J., & Lowden, K. (2021). Focusing on place: Working beyond the school gate. Chapman, C. and Ainscow, M. (Eds.) (2021) Educational Equity: Pathways to Success. Routledge. Abingdon: Routledge.
Dudley, P. (2013). Teacher learning in Lesson Study: What interaction-level discourse analysis revealed about how teachers utilised imagination, tacit knowledge of teaching and fresh evidence of pupils learning, to develop practice knowledge and so enhance their pupils’ learning. Teaching and teacher education, 34, 107-121.
Dyson, A., Kerr, K., Raffo, C., Wigelsworth, M. (2012). ‘Developing Children’s Zones for England’, Save the Children.
Elliott, J. (1991). Action research for educational change: Theory in Practice. Buckingham: OU Press.
García-Martínez, I., Montenegro-Rueda, M., Molina-Fernández, E., & Fernández-Batanero, J. M. (2021). Mapping teacher collaboration for school success. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 32(4), 631-649.
Goddard, R., Goddard, Y., Sook Kim, E., & Miller, R. (2015). A theoretical and empirical analysis of the roles of instructional leadership, teacher collaboration, and collective efficacy beliefs in support of student learning. American journal of education, 121(4), 501-530.
Goddard, Y. L., Goddard, R. D., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2007). A theoretical and empirical investigation of teacher collaboration for school improvement and student achievement in public elementary schools. Teachers college record, 109(4), 877-896.
Goldstein, H., & Woodhouse, G. (2000). School Effectiveness Research and Educational Policy. Oxford Review of Education, 26(3–4), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/713688547
Hadfield, M. and Chapman, C. (2009). Leading School Based Networks. Routledge: London, UK. ISBN 97804154
Hargreaves, A. (2019). Teacher collaboration: 30 years of research on its nature, forms, limitations and effects. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 25(5), 603–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2019.1639499
______. (2003) Teaching in the knowledge society: Education in the age of insecurity. New York: Teachers College Press.
______. (1994). Changing teachers, changing times: Teachers’ work and culture in the postmodern age. London: Cassell / New York: Teachers College Press.
Hargreaves, A., & O’Connor, M. T. (2018). Collaborative professionalism: When teaching together means learning for all. New York: Corwin Press.
He, D., West, L., Morris, V., & Crombie, M. (2024). Shifts in professional development and PLNs among post-remote teaching educators. Journal of Applied Instructional Design 13(2).
Henig, J., Riehl, C., Houston, D., Rebell, M. and Wolff, J. (2015). Putting Collective Impact in Context: A Review of the Literature on Local Cross-Sector Collaboration to Improve Education. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Available at: https://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/Documents/Putting-Collective-Impact-Into-Context.pdf
Hopkins, D., & Higham, R. (2007). System leadership: mapping the landscape. School Leadership & Management, 27(2), 147–166.
Hutchings, M., Greenwood, C., Hollingworth, S., Mansaray, A., Minty, S., & Rose, A. (2012). Evaluation of the City Challenge programme. Department for Education. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/184093/DFE-RR215.pdf
Kania, J. and Kramer, M. (2013). Embracing Emergence: How Collective Impact Addresses Complexity. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Available at: https://ssir.org/articles/entry/social_progress_through_collective_impact
______. (2011). ‘Collective Impact’. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Available at: https://ssir.org/articles/entry/collective_impact
Kwek, D., Ho, J. and Wong H, W. (2023). Singapore’s educational reforms: Toward holistic outcomes (un)intended consequences of policy layering. Centre for Universal Education at Brookings, Washington: Bookings.
Lomos, C., Hofman, R. H., & Bosker, R. J. (2011). The relationship between departments as professional communities and student achievement in secondary schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(4), 722-731.
Louis, K. S. (2006). Changing the culture of schools: Professional community, organizational learning, and trust. Journal of school leadership, 16(5), 477-489.
Louis, K. S., & Marks, H. M. (1998). Does professional community affect the classroom? Teachers’ work and student experiences in restructuring schools. American Journal of Education, 106(4), 532-575.
Madrid Miranda R & Chapman C. (2024). Towards a network learning system: reflections on a university initial teacher education and school-based collaborative initiative in Chile. Professional Development in Education. 50, 760-774. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.1902840
Mongon, D. and Chapman, C. (2012). High Leverage Leadership London: Routledge.
Muijs, D. (2009). Effectiveness and Disadvantage in Education: Can a Focus on Effectiveness Aid Equity in Education? in Raffo, C., Dyson, A., Gunter, H., Hall, D., Jones, L., & Kalambouka, A. Education and Poverty in Affluent Countries. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203860335
______. (2015). Improving schools in rural settings: Key challenges and strategies. International Journal of Educational Research, 73, 1–7.
Muijs, D., West, M., & Ainscow, M. (2010). Why network? Theoretical perspectives on networking. School effectiveness and school improvement, 21(1), 5-26.
______. (2020). School collaboration: A vehicle for school improvement? School Leadership & Management, 40(5), 401–419.
OECD (2017). Educational Opportunity for All: Overcoming Inequality throughout the Life Course. Paris: OECD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264287457-en
Paxton, P. (2002). Social capital and democracy: An interdependent relationship. American sociological review, 67(2), 254-277.
Payne, C. M. (2008). So much reform, so little change: The persistence of failure in urban schools. MA: Harvard Education Press.
Perry, E. (2022). Teacher professional development in changing circumstances: The impact of COVID-19 on schools’ approaches to professional development. Education Sciences.
Pino Yancovic, M., Ahumada, L., & González, L. (2019). School improvement networks in Chile: Understanding a complex landscape. School Leadership & Management, 39(2), 151–169.
Pino Yancovic, M., González, A., Ahumada, L., and Chapman, C. (2020). School Improvement Networks and Collaborative Inquiry: Fostering Systemic Change in Challenging Contexts. Series: Emerald professional learning networks. Emerald. ISBN 978178769738
Power, M. (1994). The audit society. London: Demos.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Queupil, J. P., Ravest-Tropa, J., & Cuenca, C. (2021). Colaboración en escuelas chilenas: Rol de atributos de docentes y directivos/as durante la pandemia COVID-19. Psicoperspectivas. Individuo y Sociedad.
Reynolds, D. and Teddlie, C. (2000). International Handbook of School Effectiveness Research. London: Falmer.
Rickinson, M., Cirkony, C., Coyle, C., & Walsh, L. (2022). Teachers’ use of research evidence in collaborative settings: Insights from the Q Project. Australian Journal of Education, 66(2), 115-132.
Rutter M., Maughan, B., Mortimore, P., Ouston, J. and Smith, A. (1979). Fifteen thousand hours. London: Open Books.
Sahlberg, P. (2015) Finnish lessons: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? New York: Teachers College Press.
Sammons, P. (2007). School Effectiveness and Equity: Making Connections. Reading: CfBT Trust.
Sammons, P., Hillman, J. & Mortimore, P. (1995). Key Characteristics of Effective Schools: A review of school effectiveness research. London: Office for Standards in Education.
Sammons, P., Thomas, S. and Mortimore, P. (1997) Forging links: Effective schools: Effective departments. London: Sage.
Scottish Government. (2017). Education Governance: Empowering our teachers, parents and communities to deliver excellence and equity for our children. Edinburgh: Scottish Government.
Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed leadership. Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
Šteh, B., & Gregorčič, P. (2024). A lesson on mutual collaboration for school counsellors, principals, and teachers given by the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia. European Journal of Educational Research 13(2), 763. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.13.2.763
Stoll, L., Bolam, R., McMahon, A., Wallace, M. and Thomas. S. (2006). Professional Learning Communities: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Educational Change 7(4), 221–258. doi: 10.1007/s10833-006-0001-8
Suter, F., Feldhoff, T., Merki, K. M., Radisch, F., & Jude, N. (2023). Effects of pre-pandemic school improvement and digital learning on schools during the COVID-19 pandemic. School Leadership & Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2023.2259931
Torrance, D., Mifsud, D., Niesche, R., & Fertig, M. (2023). Headteachers and the pandemic: Themes from a review of literature on leadership for professional learning in complex times. Professional Development in Education 49(6), 1103–1116. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2023.2229333
West, M., Ainscow, M., & Stanford, J. (2005). Sustaining improvement in schools in challenging circumstances: A study of successful practice. School Leadership & Management, 25(1), 77-93.
Whitehurst, R. and Croft, M. (2015). The Harlem Children’s Zone, Promise Neighborhoods, and the Broader, Bolder Approach to Education. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-harlem-childrens-zone-promise-neighborhoods-and-the-broader-bolder-approach-to-education/
Whitty, G. and Mortimore, P. (2000). Can school improvement overcome the effects of disadvantage? In: Cox, T, ed. Combating educational disadvantage: meeting the needs of vulnerable children. Falmer, London, pp. 156-176. ISBN 9780750709019
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why equality is better for everyone. Penguin UK.
Williams, P. (2002). The competent boundary spanner. Public administration, 80(1), 103-124.
Yi, P. (2022). Teachers’ communities of practice in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Will innovation in teaching practices persist and prosper? Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 11(5), 241-251.